The $365 Trillion Debt Trap: Why Bond Vigilantes are Returning to Discipline Western Treasuries
Global debt has climbed beyond $365 trillion, or more than 330% of world GDP, and the old assumption that sovereign borrowing can expand indefinitely at low cost is breaking down. In the US and Europe, higher term premiums, sticky inflation, and heavy refinancing calendars are forcing treasuries to pay up just as central banks try to normalize policy and shrink balance sheets. The result is a renewed form of market discipline: bond vigilantes are no longer a metaphor from the 1990s but a pricing force shaping auction demand, fiscal choices, and rate-path expectations. Washington and European capitals now face a narrowing corridor between supporting growth and preserving market confidence, with every basis point in long-end yields compounding the debt burden.